Comparing Compatibilism Vs Incompatibilism A...

Compatibilism vs Incompatibilism: a compatibilist view Does determinism imply that there is no free will, as the incompatibilists argue, or does it allow for free will, as the compatibilists argue? Determinism is the doctrine, that every event, as well as human actions is determined by causes that are independent to the will. From determinism, two opposing views were identified. The incompatibilists view that determinism implies no free will, or the compatibilists view that determinism still allows for free will. The incompatibilist philosophical thinkers have taken determinism as use of a scapegoat, identifying determinism to infer that human beings are unable to have any free will, thus no moral responsibility for taken actions. Whilst the compatibilist philosophical thinkers have taken a softer view of determinism, holding the view that an agents actions are pre-determined, although the agent is still to be held morally responsible for the agent’s voluntary actions. Determinism, as argued for the compatibilists, allows for an agent to hold free will and share equal responsibility for chosen actions. Great philosophical thinkers from many schools of thought and throughout history have argued the point of determinism. A well-renowned philosopher, for his works on free will and determinism is David Hume. David Hume is considered the most influential compatibilist in this free will debate. His view on determinism very closely determined the foundation of compatibilitism.

Industrial Accidents Free Essays

Wed a. m. Turkish government investigating shipyard deaths, AP Worldstream, August 12, 2008 C. We will write a custom essay sample on Industrial Accidents or any similar topic only for you Order Now ONUR ANT Turkey’s government launched two investigations on into the latest of several fatal accidents at the country’s leading shipyard, where about two dozen workers have died in the past year. The government already had recommended better training and stricter safety measures to end workrelated deaths at the booming Tuzla shipyard on Istanbul’s eastern tip. But on Monday three workers died there in another accident. A lifeboat that employees were on broke free from a ship under repair and plunged into the sea at Tuzla shipyard, killing three workers and injuring 12. Main TOPIC: ____________________________________________________________ ____ The Impact of Industrial Accidents, by Eurofound, EU Agency, November 2004 The origin of industrial accidents is to be found in environmental, organisational and personal factors and in the increase in business and employment. One of the causes most often cited is individual responsibility.In Spain, almost two-thirds of workers claim that their job involves an accident risk, but 52% of them think that the main causes of accidents are â€Å"overconfidence and habit†. In other words, workers believe that they themselves are largely responsible for accidents. On the other hand, only 3. 1% of workers think that the accident risk is due to working without sufficient training and only 39% believe that it is due to lack of experience. It is estimated by the European Foundation that in Europe about 25 accidents take place for every 1,000 workers with a fatality rate of 6. 5 for every 100,000 workers. Spain, Belgium and Luxembourg are the European countries with the highest rate of both industrial accidents and deaths. Industrial disasters are mass disasters caused by industrial companies, either by accident, negligence or incompetence. To reduce the number of industrial accidents substantially and continuously, the problem must be approached systematically so as to create an authentic culture of prevention in society and at work.This involves substantially conducting research into the causes of industrial accidents as well as increasing social awareness by demonstrating the advantages of accident prevention, increasing the training of workers, technicians and employers, monitoring and controlling strictly compliance with the labour regulations and evaluating the prevention measures that are adopted. Main TOPIC: __ __________________________________________________________ ___The Flixborough Disaster : Report of the Court of Inquiry, Health and Safety, 1975 The Flixborough disaster was an explosion at a chemical plant close to the village of Flixborough, England, on 1 June 1974. It killed 28 people and seriously injured 36. The chemical plant produced caprolactam, a precursor chemical used in the manufacture of nylon. Residents of the village of Flixborough were not keen to have such a large industrial development so close to their homes and had expressed concern when the plant was first proposed.The official inquiry into the accident determined that the bypass pipe had failed due to unforeseen lateral stresses in the pipe. The bypass had been designed by engineers who were not experienced in high-pressure pipework, no plans or calculations had been produced, the pipe was not pressure-tested, and was mounted on temporary scaffolding poles that allowed the pipe to twist under pressure. Main TOPIC: ____________________________________________________________ ___ ING 102 MIDTERM RESEARCH MATERIAL** Wed a. . Industrial Accidents, by Arnold Brown, Attorney Mining accidents are some of the most devastating industrial accidents, and can involve severe injuries, and often, heavy fatalities. These accidents can occur due to an explosion inside a mine, leakage of poisonous chemicals and gases, flooding of mines, or collapse of the mine roof, which can be attributed to malfunctioning equipment, lack of adequate safety training, or lack of supervision—all are responsibilities of the mine operator or employer.Refinery explosions tend to make front-page news, too, because of their link to high profile petrochemical industry and because of the massive devastation they can cause. They occur as a result of hazardous practices and conditions that increase the risk of an explosion, such as placing of atmospheric vents on pressure units, inability to manage hazardous gases in a controlled manner, and poor management of alarm systems. Construction has the largest number of fatal injuries of the m ain industry groups. In 2008/09p there were 53 fatal injuries giving at rate of 2. per 100 000 workers. Relative to other industries, a higher proportion of reported injuries were caused by falls from height, falling objects, contact with moving machinery, collapses/overturns and electricity. Moreover, workers may be inadequately trained in the prevention of accidents; emergency response systems may be inadequate at the plant. Exposure to chemicals in the workplace can be either through skin penetration, or inhalation of gases and vapors, such as benzene used at petrochemical plants and oil refineries.Benzene has been linked to blood disorders, including various forms of leukemia and anemia. Exposure to asbestos, which was widely used in the construction industry a few decades ago, left thousands of workers battling mesothelioma, a hardening of the lining of the lungs, and other serious and sometimes fatal lung diseases. Main TOPIC: ____________________________________________________________ ___ Preventing Major Industrial Accidents, ILO Asia Pacific Regional Network, 29 July 2005 Ma jor industrial accidents may generally be caused by human errors, technical faults or external forces.They almost always result from a number of causes at the same time, including the operators immediately concerned, maintenance personnel, supervisors, management and plant and equipment designers and suppliers. Technical failures usually arise from human errors such as poor maintenance, overloading or improper use. A poorly trained and instructed operator is likely to take wrong action. If a company does not have a well-organized training program, it is probably because its management does not consider safety a first priority and does not devote adequate time and money to it.The most dangerous common cause failures are of an organizational nature: insufficient management commitment to safety, lack of communication between departments, inadequate instruction and information to workers. Management should be fully committed to plant safety and its commitment made known to all personnel. The immediate consequences of a major accident may be many dead or injured, heavy damage to installations and buildings, and pollution and damage to the environment.A serious accident has long-term effects at three levels: first, the enterprise is affected by increased insurance rates expenses for recruitment and training of new personnel, lawsuits resulting in severe fines or prison terms or extensive repair or replacement, loss of production, interruption of supply to customers and break in relations with them. As a result, the plant may have to be shut down for a long time, perhaps permanently. Also, people living in the vicinity of the accident may become permanently disabled or emotionally disturbed.Some chemical substances can cause illnesses that manifest themselves long after actual exposure. The property value itself may decline as people may not want to live near a potentially unsafe area. Hazardous substances released in the accident may be detrimental to the environment, animals, and vegetation: crops may be spoiled and water supplies polluted, land may not be suitable for cattle-grazing or crop growing for a long time. (Taken from International Labour Organization official website: http://www. ilo. org/) Main TOPIC: How to cite Industrial Accidents, Papers

Sex Drugs And Rock And Roll free essay sample

The children growing up at this time listen to music talking about how amazing drugs are, and how great alcohol is. Kids are more likely to try them because the singers they kick up to are talking so highly Of these products and it seems like there are no repercussions. As well as the drugs, the sex part in the saying blew up in the ass for many reasons. One, similar to the drugs, many of the lyrics in the popular songs at the time was about sex, among other things. But also, birth control was created during the time period and grew exponentially in a few years. Over 12. 5 million women were using birth control within seven years from when the FDA approved the pill. In my opinion, rock and roll is definitely dangerous and responsible for influencing the increase of drug use, but at the end of the day every person makes his or her own decisions. We will write a custom essay sample on Sex Drugs And Rock And Roll or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page So, yes the music and singers influenced the individual, but ultimately he or she decided to put that drug into their body. But to consider rock and roll irresponsible is ridiculous because a genre cant be responsible for the actions of others.The songs may promote drug use or ranking or sexual acts but most of the times it is what the artist has been through and about his or her life. Everyone should be responsible for himself or herself, so yes the artists are being irresponsible for doing the drugs and such, but the individuals who do such things cannot portray the genre as a whole. If people consider rock and roll irresponsible, then they can consider music in general irresponsible because every genre has certain songs or artists who have negative impacts.The constant promotion of drugs and sex from the major artists may pose a threat to society. Kids learn about all these drugs and alcoholic substances at such a younger age now as apposed to in past years and it is mainly because of the music they listen to and other social forms of media. But the artists should want to sing about the wrongs of drugs and the problems they cost instead of singing about how great smoking marijuana is. These artists in rock and roll promote the use of these drugs and because of that the fans go to the concerts drunk or high and that is why rock and roll gets such a bad reputation.Hopefully the people dont look to Hess artists as role models because of the bad actions these artists do. Also, all the artists overdosing and dying because of these drugs should get the message across to the fans that these drugs are not as amazing as the artists portray them to be. Instead the fans should learn from the mistakes those artists made. Ultimately, rock and roll is still music and because of that they should be able to sing about whatever they want to sing about. The artists should want to send off a good message, but ultimately nobody should be able to censor what the lyrics are.The first amendment is the freedom of speech, and even though some of the songs of rock and roll send off bad messages to the fans, the government shouldnt be able to control what singers can and cannot say. The lyrics are not putting anyone in dangers way, they just state opinions that the singer has. The songs may not have the best message in mind which and personally, think the artists should sing about something more meaningful and more appropriate for the fans but at the end of the day they should be allowed to sing whatever they wish.

On Invisible Bullets Essay Example

On Invisible Bullets Paper An outline on Invisible Bullets As we analyze the essay, we realize that the writer discusses a material in each paragraph, and carefully relates it to the next paragraph. He supports his ideas with concrete examples related to the main topic sentence, which is the relation between orthodoxy and subversion in Harriot’s book. In the first paragraph, we have a motivator mixed with a background of the ideas he wants to discuss. In the next paragraph he wisely supports that background by giving different examples. In the third paragraph he emphasizes on some specific words such as â€Å"religion† which he uses several times through the essay. For each paragraph, we can find a topic sentence, and through the paragraph he brings arguments and supports and examples for that topic sentence, which in general, is itself supporting the main topic sentence and the main idea of the text. The paragraphs follow each other very smoothly and the essay grows in an evolutionary way. Each part is the result of the previous part. It’s quite a kind of classical text. We don’t have jumps and fragmentation. What attracts the reader’s attention is the use of quotation marks. Each time that he wants to use someone else’s words, he uses quotation marks, even if it contains only of one single word. We will write a custom essay sample on On Invisible Bullets specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on On Invisible Bullets specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on On Invisible Bullets specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The use of punctuation is also very eye catching. As we go through out the essay, we see that he makes the most benefit of each subject matter and each example and discusses them from all possible related points of view. So he is very good at supporting his idea. He gives us a fool complete satisfying argumentation. He had made benefit of every word or phrase written by Harriot which can be used in order to support his discussion. In the last three paragraphs he repeats his main ideas such as â€Å"the condition of power† and â€Å"continuity of subversion†; and even in the few last sentences, he doesn’t ignore the use of Harriot’s words and ideas.

Free Essays on Future Directions for Retail Design Management

How consumers are affected by their environments, and the apparent influence these settings have on their ensuing consumption, has been the focus of debate in numerous academic studies. This work frequently cites the importance of a multiplicity of elements which act as a mnemonic device, and catalyst for behaviour. But seldom have these elements been interpreted and scrutinised. More often, the architectural features and atmosphere that surrounds the consumer is represented in an all-inclusive fashion, and termed the "inanimate environment". The marketing literature, in particular, appears to overlook many issues relating to the physical setting (Newman, et al., 1994b), and as Foxall (1992) postulates, lacks an understanding of specific consumer situations and the context in which these actions take place. The prevailing paradigm adopted by models of consumer behaviour focuses on the cognitive dimension (Foxall, 1995; p. 5). Consumer choice is thus depicted as a problem-solving and decision-making sequence of events, which is determined largely by the consumer's mental actions; goal-directed, and the rational processing of information (Howard, 1983). Although the study of consumer individuality and perceptual constructs is highly important, and helps to build a broader foundation for the development of theory, the large majority of frameworks merely provide an interpretive function and seldom display predictive capability; models should have the capability to predict behaviour as well as explain it (Zaltman and Wallendorf, 1983; p. 623). Indeed, a greater understanding of the processes at work in, for example, a service setting could be elicited from noncognitive explanations. These may supply definitions of the sorts of physical cues (stimulants) that influence a consumer's perception s during the consumption phase, adding (as Bitner (1990; 1992) theorises) significantly to the outcomes. Thus far, consumer research has fail... Free Essays on Future Directions for Retail Design Management Free Essays on Future Directions for Retail Design Management How consumers are affected by their environments, and the apparent influence these settings have on their ensuing consumption, has been the focus of debate in numerous academic studies. This work frequently cites the importance of a multiplicity of elements which act as a mnemonic device, and catalyst for behaviour. But seldom have these elements been interpreted and scrutinised. More often, the architectural features and atmosphere that surrounds the consumer is represented in an all-inclusive fashion, and termed the "inanimate environment". The marketing literature, in particular, appears to overlook many issues relating to the physical setting (Newman, et al., 1994b), and as Foxall (1992) postulates, lacks an understanding of specific consumer situations and the context in which these actions take place. The prevailing paradigm adopted by models of consumer behaviour focuses on the cognitive dimension (Foxall, 1995; p. 5). Consumer choice is thus depicted as a problem-solving and decision-making sequence of events, which is determined largely by the consumer's mental actions; goal-directed, and the rational processing of information (Howard, 1983). Although the study of consumer individuality and perceptual constructs is highly important, and helps to build a broader foundation for the development of theory, the large majority of frameworks merely provide an interpretive function and seldom display predictive capability; models should have the capability to predict behaviour as well as explain it (Zaltman and Wallendorf, 1983; p. 623). Indeed, a greater understanding of the processes at work in, for example, a service setting could be elicited from noncognitive explanations. These may supply definitions of the sorts of physical cues (stimulants) that influence a consumer's perception s during the consumption phase, adding (as Bitner (1990; 1992) theorises) significantly to the outcomes. Thus far, consumer research has fail...

Body Traffic Jam

1. 2 Objective of the report 1. Broad objective To discuss traffic jam, it’s causes and remedies 2. Specific objective -To discuss the effects of traffic jam on environment and social life, -To be introduced with the way of relief from traffic jam. – To find the way of upgrading the traffic systems . 3 Scope and Limitations of the report This report could have even more wealth and information. But, due to limited time, few information could be collected. More budgeting on this report could have given it a aristocratic look. In spite of these limitations, it has been tried to enrich this report by proper and authentic information. It has been tried to be rational with the real figure of traffic jam. It is believed that this report will help the follower to go for further analysis. Chapter 02: Methodology 2. Population Parameters A parameter is a numerical summary of a population; because populations have so many members, these can never be known except if a census is tak en. 2. 2 Sampling Design In the theory of finite population sampling a sampling design specifies for every possible sample its probability of being drawn. Mathematically a sampling design is denoted by the function P(S) which gives the probability of drawing a sample. 2. 3 Variables Covered Here we have included -urban traffic problems -suburban traffic problems high way traffic problems 2. 4 Methods of Data Collection There are four main methods of data collection. †¢ Census. A census is a study that obtains data from every member of a population. In most studies, a census is not practical, because of the cost and/or time required. †¢ Sample survey. A sample survey is a study that obtains data from a subset of a population, in order to estimate population attributes. †¢ Experiment. An experiment is a controlled study in which the researcher attempts to understand cause-and-effect relationships. The study is â€Å"controlled† in the sense that the researcher controls (1) how subjects are assigned to groups and (2) which treatments each group receives. †¢ Observational study. Like experiments, observational studies attempt to understand cause-and-effect relationships. However, unlike experiments, the researcher is not able to control (1) how subjects are assigned to groups and/or (2) which treatments each group receives. 2. 5 Data Analysis Plan The appropriate methods of data analysis are determined by data types and variables of interest, the actual distribution of the variables, and the number of cases. Different analyses of the same data set may reflect or represent different aspects of the underlying data structure. Once a plan has been established, it could contain any combination of the following types of data analysis strategies: †¢ Exploratory: This type of data analysis often occurs when a program is new, and it is unclear what to expect from the data. †¢ Descriptive: The most common type of data analysis, this approach will summarize your findings and describe the sample. †¢ Inferential: Inferential statistics allow us to draw conclusions about the larger population from which the sample is drawn. These powerful techniques may be able demonstrate if a change has occurred as a result of your program. PDA’s Statistics Division specializes in many sophisticated data analysis techniques. Chapter 3: Traffic Jam, It’s Causes, Effects and Remedies 3. 1 Causes of Traffic Jam â€Å"During experiment, it has been found that human error is a major cause of most frustrating kinds of traffic jams†. ( Annexes – I) In generally the traffic jams are causes by following reasons- -Dishonesty of traffic polices -Insufficient roads and highways. Poor communication system. -Too many vehicles -Low price fuel ( CNG) and available motor cars. -Traffic jams are usually caused because there must be an accident. -Most often, traffic jam are caused by – those who drive too slow always end up compacting the faster drivers behind them -In rush hours when too many people start for destination. -Free parking here and there causes hindrance on traffic way -Some drivers tries to drive faster than the flow of traffic. -Some times drivers stop on the highway and causes a traffic jam. . 2 Traffic Jam Affects Society and Environment Traffic jam affects the society in some of the ways below: †¢ creates mental stress in the motorists †¢ paves way for wastage of fuel and wear tear of vehicle parts which ultimately waste the money of the motorists †¢ becomes a cause for rash driving and road accidents involving loss of lives †¢ makes the motorists to inhale lot of vehicular smoke emissions in a short period of time causing many diseases †¢ wasting time of motorists and passengers Traffic jam affects the environment in some of the ways below: †¢ efficiency of fuel usage by idle running of vehicle engines in low speed is very low leading to wastage of fuel which ultimately results in over exploitation of fossil fuel reserves †¢ vehicles at low speed emit lot amount of carbon monoxide, unburnt fuel particles, suspended particulate matters and other pollutants into atmosphere causing air pollution more grave †¢ when vehicles start to move slowly, noise pollution is created by blowing horns by the motorists. 3. 3 Remedies to Traffic Jam Increased regulation would not work in practice. Regulation either requires more cops, which are an expensive kind of work force, or automated systems, which are sketchy from a legal point of view. Technological solutions aren’t the way to go, either. They are predicated on the assumption that all (or enough) drivers would adopt this technology, which will be expensive and error-prone, and possibly encourage risky behavior. Traffic jams are a symptom of more vehicles than the planned carrying capacity of the roads. In order to prevent traffic jams: -one method is to reduce the number of vehicles. Imposing disincentives (taxation, congestion fees) is one way, but offering sensible alternatives (mass transit, a functional passenger rail system, telecommuting) is smarter. -no hand held cell phones while driving. -controlling Speed of traffic more efficiently during rush hours (points to one idea, the classic â€Å"slow down and keep a constant speed† method). Chapter 4 : C onclusion and Recommendation 4. 1 Conclusion The present problem of traffic jam has not created by one day. For long unawareness and long time plan and booming number of traffic cause this. As Bangladesh is a developing country, it should be more aware of time and money. Not only this, as Bangladesh is a low land country, so it should be aware of green house gas. Traffic jam is killing time, wasting money, causing more green house gas. If we can’t reduce traffic jam significantly we will be great looser. Our development may slow down due to traffic jam. 4. 2 Recommendation: -We will have to go for long time plan to improve our roods and high way communication system. -Withdraw of old and slow vehicles. -Trained driver -Maintain LAN during driving -Use of divider Annexes-I |Bottlenecks (traffic demand   exceeds roadway capacity) |50% of total traffic jam | |Traffic incidents |25% of total traffic jam | |Work zones |15% of total traffic jam | |Bad weather |10% of total traffic jam | |Poor signal timing |  5% of total traffic jam | Fig :- On an average major causes of traffic jam References: 1. Text books: Giltow, C. Oppenhein, R. (1995). Management: Tools and methods for improvement. Boston: Irwin-Mcgraw-Hill. 2. Websites: -HYPERLINK http://statisticssolutions. blogspot. com/2008/09/what-is-included-in-data-analysis-plan. html -http://wiki. answers. com/Q/What_causes_traffic_jams -http://wiki. answers. com/Q/What_are_some_ways_a_traffic_jam_affects_the_society_and_environment – http://freakonomics. blogs. nytimes. com/2008/03/10/what-causes-traffic-jams-you/ http://www. infoplease. com/ipa/A0931283. html#axzz0wBBDMA5L Body Traffic Jam 1. 2 Objective of the report 1. Broad objective To discuss traffic jam, it’s causes and remedies 2. Specific objective -To discuss the effects of traffic jam on environment and social life, -To be introduced with the way of relief from traffic jam. – To find the way of upgrading the traffic systems . 3 Scope and Limitations of the report This report could have even more wealth and information. But, due to limited time, few information could be collected. More budgeting on this report could have given it a aristocratic look. In spite of these limitations, it has been tried to enrich this report by proper and authentic information. It has been tried to be rational with the real figure of traffic jam. It is believed that this report will help the follower to go for further analysis. Chapter 02: Methodology 2. Population Parameters A parameter is a numerical summary of a population; because populations have so many members, these can never be known except if a census is tak en. 2. 2 Sampling Design In the theory of finite population sampling a sampling design specifies for every possible sample its probability of being drawn. Mathematically a sampling design is denoted by the function P(S) which gives the probability of drawing a sample. 2. 3 Variables Covered Here we have included -urban traffic problems -suburban traffic problems high way traffic problems 2. 4 Methods of Data Collection There are four main methods of data collection. †¢ Census. A census is a study that obtains data from every member of a population. In most studies, a census is not practical, because of the cost and/or time required. †¢ Sample survey. A sample survey is a study that obtains data from a subset of a population, in order to estimate population attributes. †¢ Experiment. An experiment is a controlled study in which the researcher attempts to understand cause-and-effect relationships. The study is â€Å"controlled† in the sense that the researcher controls (1) how subjects are assigned to groups and (2) which treatments each group receives. †¢ Observational study. Like experiments, observational studies attempt to understand cause-and-effect relationships. However, unlike experiments, the researcher is not able to control (1) how subjects are assigned to groups and/or (2) which treatments each group receives. 2. 5 Data Analysis Plan The appropriate methods of data analysis are determined by data types and variables of interest, the actual distribution of the variables, and the number of cases. Different analyses of the same data set may reflect or represent different aspects of the underlying data structure. Once a plan has been established, it could contain any combination of the following types of data analysis strategies: †¢ Exploratory: This type of data analysis often occurs when a program is new, and it is unclear what to expect from the data. †¢ Descriptive: The most common type of data analysis, this approach will summarize your findings and describe the sample. †¢ Inferential: Inferential statistics allow us to draw conclusions about the larger population from which the sample is drawn. These powerful techniques may be able demonstrate if a change has occurred as a result of your program. PDA’s Statistics Division specializes in many sophisticated data analysis techniques. Chapter 3: Traffic Jam, It’s Causes, Effects and Remedies 3. 1 Causes of Traffic Jam â€Å"During experiment, it has been found that human error is a major cause of most frustrating kinds of traffic jams†. ( Annexes – I) In generally the traffic jams are causes by following reasons- -Dishonesty of traffic polices -Insufficient roads and highways. Poor communication system. -Too many vehicles -Low price fuel ( CNG) and available motor cars. -Traffic jams are usually caused because there must be an accident. -Most often, traffic jam are caused by – those who drive too slow always end up compacting the faster drivers behind them -In rush hours when too many people start for destination. -Free parking here and there causes hindrance on traffic way -Some drivers tries to drive faster than the flow of traffic. -Some times drivers stop on the highway and causes a traffic jam. . 2 Traffic Jam Affects Society and Environment Traffic jam affects the society in some of the ways below: †¢ creates mental stress in the motorists †¢ paves way for wastage of fuel and wear tear of vehicle parts which ultimately waste the money of the motorists †¢ becomes a cause for rash driving and road accidents involving loss of lives †¢ makes the motorists to inhale lot of vehicular smoke emissions in a short period of time causing many diseases †¢ wasting time of motorists and passengers Traffic jam affects the environment in some of the ways below: †¢ efficiency of fuel usage by idle running of vehicle engines in low speed is very low leading to wastage of fuel which ultimately results in over exploitation of fossil fuel reserves †¢ vehicles at low speed emit lot amount of carbon monoxide, unburnt fuel particles, suspended particulate matters and other pollutants into atmosphere causing air pollution more grave †¢ when vehicles start to move slowly, noise pollution is created by blowing horns by the motorists. 3. 3 Remedies to Traffic Jam Increased regulation would not work in practice. Regulation either requires more cops, which are an expensive kind of work force, or automated systems, which are sketchy from a legal point of view. Technological solutions aren’t the way to go, either. They are predicated on the assumption that all (or enough) drivers would adopt this technology, which will be expensive and error-prone, and possibly encourage risky behavior. Traffic jams are a symptom of more vehicles than the planned carrying capacity of the roads. In order to prevent traffic jams: -one method is to reduce the number of vehicles. Imposing disincentives (taxation, congestion fees) is one way, but offering sensible alternatives (mass transit, a functional passenger rail system, telecommuting) is smarter. -no hand held cell phones while driving. -controlling Speed of traffic more efficiently during rush hours (points to one idea, the classic â€Å"slow down and keep a constant speed† method). Chapter 4 : C onclusion and Recommendation 4. 1 Conclusion The present problem of traffic jam has not created by one day. For long unawareness and long time plan and booming number of traffic cause this. As Bangladesh is a developing country, it should be more aware of time and money. Not only this, as Bangladesh is a low land country, so it should be aware of green house gas. Traffic jam is killing time, wasting money, causing more green house gas. If we can’t reduce traffic jam significantly we will be great looser. Our development may slow down due to traffic jam. 4. 2 Recommendation: -We will have to go for long time plan to improve our roods and high way communication system. -Withdraw of old and slow vehicles. -Trained driver -Maintain LAN during driving -Use of divider Annexes-I |Bottlenecks (traffic demand   exceeds roadway capacity) |50% of total traffic jam | |Traffic incidents |25% of total traffic jam | |Work zones |15% of total traffic jam | |Bad weather |10% of total traffic jam | |Poor signal timing |  5% of total traffic jam | Fig :- On an average major causes of traffic jam References: 1. Text books: Giltow, C. Oppenhein, R. (1995). Management: Tools and methods for improvement. Boston: Irwin-Mcgraw-Hill. 2. Websites: -HYPERLINK http://statisticssolutions. blogspot. com/2008/09/what-is-included-in-data-analysis-plan. html -http://wiki. answers. com/Q/What_causes_traffic_jams -http://wiki. answers. com/Q/What_are_some_ways_a_traffic_jam_affects_the_society_and_environment – http://freakonomics. blogs. nytimes. com/2008/03/10/what-causes-traffic-jams-you/ http://www. infoplease. com/ipa/A0931283. html#axzz0wBBDMA5L

Market Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Market Research - Essay Example Because of the developments in technology over time, the marketing industry has evolved greatly where marketers now have to embrace social media as an invaluable marketing tool. This is because social media has facilitated instant consultation among consumers and this has led to reversal of traditional branding where consumers now have more power owing to influence through social media. In addition, traditional media sources such as televisions have been rendered ineffective as computer networks have come up, rapid online communication and multiple sources of information have become available (Patino & Pitta 234-235). Snacks and pastries business This paper looks into the marketing research process of a snacks and pastries business to be undertaken close to a university/ college and office buildings. The idea is to lease out a truck that would serve as the ‘shop’ and kitchen for the business from which snacks such as samosas, kebabs, sandwiches, cupcakes, doughnuts and s oft drinks. This is because my friend and I have noticed that we are usually lacking time to sit down at a restaurant for breakfast and lunch. Sometimes even for dinner we end up ordering out as we are tired from school and extracurricular activities. The only free time we have is Saturday evenings where we do our cleaning and because we both enjoy cooking, experiment on new recipes. She loves meat so she tries out meaty snacks while I, having a sweet tooth, try out pastries and cakes recipes. This pinpoints a need in the market, which is a part of the process involved in market research. Next, we identified that there isn’t competition nearby, the closest food truck is about ten minutes away. Still, people are fond of it ourselves included; therefore, we intend to compete with this by offering fresh, quality snacks and pastries at affordable prices. Because we are passionate about cooking, we intend to come up with innovative recipes for our products, which will give us comp etitive advantage. Statistics on the product Cinnamon rolls and cupcakes are listed among the top 25 most American foods which is an indication of their demand and high preference across all age groups. The list also includes meaty snacks such as beef burgers and chicken sandwiches thus, we intend to make our meaty snacks using chicken and beef initially (Lutz). In addition, dried meat snacks were reported to bring in sales of $1.19 billion in 2012 which is a 12.4% rise compared to the previous year. This coupled with the fact that Hillshire Brands’ CEO stating that consumers desire protein in their snacks which creates a need in the market and indicates earning potential of the business (Riell,). Due to the fact that the meat jerky was reported as being resilient in the course of 2007 to 2012, despite the economic recession, we intend to use this in our sandwiches- mostly chicken and beef. This has been attributed to the fact that meat jerky has a low price that has continue d to sustain consumer sentiments. Notably also, because it is a dried product it can be stored longer making it favorable for our business idea (IBISWorld). Target Audience and Cost Considerations The main target audience for the business is college and university